INFLUENZA
A Paper
Submitted as one of block 1 Semester 1 English Lecture Final Assignments
Written by :
1. JS Aditya KW : 0800448
2. Kholifatul Fajriyah : 0800449
3. Lia Mutiara : 0800450
4. Novi Nur Jannah : 0800456
S1 Nursing Study Program
Muhammadiyah Health Science Institute of Gombong
2008
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All the price presence to Allah SWT for blessing who has given for writer so that can finish this paper with title “Influenza”.
We also would like to express our gratitude to :
1.To Mr. H.M. Basirun Al Ummah, S.Pd, M.Kes the chairman of STIKES Muhammadiyah Gombong
2.To Mr. Sawiji, S.Kep.Ns , the director of S1 Nursing Program in STIKES Muhammadiyah Gombong.
3.To. Mrs Dra. Kanti Lestari, who has thought us English until we can write this paper well
4.To. Mrs. Surip Haryani, S.Pd. , who has thought us English until we can write this paper well
5.Our thanks also to our family who has thought and given much support and suggestion that very important for us.
6.And thanks a lot for my friends who have helped us to finish this paper.
Finally this paper is tottaly far from perfect but writer expects this paper will give positive contribution for all. Furthermore the writer wishesfor the constructive comment. And we hope this paper will give much benefit for us in the future.
Gombong,23 October 2008
The writer
LIST OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
LIST OF CONTENTS ii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1
A.Background 1
B.Objective Of Study 1
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION 2
A. Definition 2
B. Causes 2
C. Symptoms 3
D. Preventing 3
E. Diagnosis 3
F. Treatment 4
CHAPTER III CLOSING 5
A. Conclusion 5
B. Suggestion 5
BIBLIOGRAPHY 6
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
A.Background of Study
The word influenza comes from that Italian language and refers to the cause of a disease, initially, this ascribed illness to unfavorable astrological influenza. Changes in medical thought led to its modification to influenza delfreddo, meaning “influence of the cold”. The word influenza was first used in English in 1743 when it was adopted, within and anglicized pronunciation, during an outbreak of the disease in Europe. Archaic terms for influenza include epidemic catarrh, grippe, sweating, sickness, and Spanish fever. The symptoms of human influenza were clearly described by Hippocrates roughly 2, 400 yeas ago. Since then, the virus has caused numerous pandemies. Historical data on influenza are difficult to interpret, because the symptoms can be similar to those of the disease, such as diphetaria, pneumonia plague, typhoid fever, dengue, or typhus.
B.Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study are :
1.Inform what is influenza
2.Let the readers know about symptoms of influenza
3.Let the readers know about preventing of influenza
4.Inform what is the diagnosis and treatment of influenza
5.Let te reader know how to handle it
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A.Definition
Influenza, commonly know as flu, is an infectious disease of birds and mammals caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae. The name influenza comes from the Italian : influenza meaning “influence”. In more serious cases, influenza causes pneumonia, which can be fatal, particularly in young children and elderly. Although it is sometimes confused with the common cold, influenza is a much more severe disease and is caused by different type of virus.
Influenza can also be transmitted by saliva, nasal secretions, feces and blood. Infection also occur thought contact with these body fluids or with contaminated surfaces. Flu viruses can remain infectious for about one week at human body temperature, over 30 days at 00C (320F), and for much longer periods at very low temperatures. Most influenza strains can be inactivated easily by disinfectant and detergent.
B. Causes
Influenza viruses bind through hemagglutinin onto sialic acid sugars on the surfaces of epithelial cells, typically in the nose, throat and lungs of mammals and intestines of bird (Stage 1 in infection figure). The cell imports the virus by endocytosis. In the acidic endosome, part of the hemagglutinin protein fuses the viral envelope with the vacuole’s membrane, releasing the viral envelope with the vacuole’s membrane, releasing the viral RNA (vRNA) molecules, accessory proteins and RNA polymerase into the cytoplasma (Stage 2). These proteins and vRNA form a complex that is transported into the cell nucleus, where the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase begins transcribing complementary positive-sense vRNA (Steps 3a and b). The vRNA is either exported into cytoplasma and translated (step 4), or remains in the nucleus. Newly-synthesised viral proteins are either secreted through the Golgi apparatus onto the cell surface (in the case of neuraminidase and hemagglutinin, step 5b) or transported back into the host cell, including degrading cellurar mRNA and using the released nucleotides for vRNA synthesis and inhibiting translation of host-cell mRNAs.
Negative-sense vRNAs that form the genomes of future viruses, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and other viral proteins are assembled into a virion. Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase molecules cluster into a bulge in the cell membrane. The vRNA and viral core proteins leave the nucleus and enter this membrane protrusion (step 6). The mature virus buds off from the cell in a sphere of host phospholipid membrane, acquiring hemagglutinin and neuraminidase with this membrane coat (step 7). After the release of new influenza viruses, the host cell dies.
Because of the absence of RNA proofreading enzymes, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase makes a single nucleotide insertion error roughly every 10 thousand nucleotides, which is the approximate length of the influenza vRNA. Hence nearly every newly-manufactured influenza virus is a mutant antigenic drift. The separation of the genome into eight separate segments of vRNA allows mixing or reassortment of vRNA if more than one viral line has infected a single cell. The resulting rapid change in viral genetics produces antigenic shift and allows the virus to infect new host species and quickly overcome protective immunity. This is important in the emergence of pandemics, as discussed below in the section on Epidemiology.
C. Symptoms
Influenza’s effects are much more severe and last longer than these of the common cold. Recovery takes about one to two weeks influenza, however, can be deadly, especially for the weak, old or chronically ill. The flu ran worsen chronic health problem. People with emphysema, chronic bronchitis or asthma may experience shortness of breath while they have the flu and influenza may cause worsening of coronary heart disease or congestive heart failure. Smoking is another risk factor associated with more serious disease and increased mortality from influenza.
Symptoms of influenza can star quite suddenly one to two days after infection. Usually the first symptom are chills or a chilly sensation, but fever is also common early in the infection, with body temperatures as high as 390 (approximately 1030 F). Many people are so ill that they are confined to bed for several days, with aches and pains through their bodies, which are worse in their backs and legs.
Symptoms of influenza may include :
a)Body aches, especially joints and through
b)Coughing and sneering
c)Extreme coldness and fever
d)Fatigue
e)Headache
f)Irritated watering eyes
g)Nasal congestion
h)Reddened eyes, skin ( especially face) mouth, throat and nose
i)Abdominal pain
D. Preventing
The best way to prevent developing influenza is to avoid long tern use of wash their hand regularly vaccination and purification virus ( for example by treatment with detergent) next with alcohol to increase the duration of the sanitizing action
E. Diagnosis
Research on signs and symptoms of influenza found that the the best findings for excluding the diagnosis of influenza were :
Highest sensitive individual findings for diagnosis influenza
Findings :
sensitivity
Specificity
Fever
86%
25%
Cough
98%
23%
Nasal congestion
70-90%
20-40%
Notes to table :
a)Sensitivity is the proportion of people who tested positive of all the positive people tested. In this case, being positive or negative is having influenza or not, and being tested positive or negative is having the symptoms or not. For instance 86% of those with influenza had fever.
b)Specificity is the proportion of people who tasted negative of all the negative people tested. In this case the ones. Without fever only constitute 25% of those without influenza. In other words the majority of people with fever do not have influenza.
c)All there findings, especially fever, were less sensitive in patient over 60 years of age.
F. Treatment
People with the flu are advised to get plenty of rest, drink a lot of liquids, avoid using alcohol and tobacco and if necessary take medications such us parasetamol to relieve the fever and muscle aches associated with the flu. Children and teenagers with flu symptoms should avoid taking aspirin during an effect on the infection, unless prescribed for secondary infection such us bacterial pneumonia; they may lead to resistant bacteria.
The two classes of anti-virals are neuraminidase inhibitors and M2 inhibitors.
1.Neuraminidase inhibitors
Antiviral drugs such as oseltamifir and zanamifire are neuraminidase inhibitors that are designed to halt the spread of virus in the body effective against both influenza A and B. Different strains of influenza viruses have differing degrees of resistance against these antiviral.
2.M2 inhibitors
The antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine are designed to block a viral ion channel (M2 protein) and prevent the virus from infecting cells. The drugs are sometimes effective against influenza A but are always ineffective against influenza B
CHAPTER III
A.Conclusion
From the previous discussion the writer can defina saliva that influenza can also be transmitted by salifa ,nasal secretion,feces and blood.Infection also occur trough contact with these body fluids or with contaminated surfaces. Flu viruses can remain infectionus for about one week at human body temperature.
The general symptoms of influenza can start quite suddenly one two days after infection.The symptoms of the flu are more severe than their common cold equivalents.
B.Suggestion
From the result writer can give suggestion, we must always keep of health, because health is very expensive. Do not consider it is easy disease because the result will be seriously. The communities so carefull about spread of influenza viruses.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
http: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/influenza
“Influenza:Viral Infection: Merek Manual Home Edition”.www.merek.com.Retrieved on 2008 -03-15
Eccles, R(2005)”Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza”.Lancat Infect Dis 5 (11):718-25
